Design of a Low Voltage CMOS Transconductance Amplifier

Design of a Low Voltage CMOS Transconductance AmplifierThis project aims to illustrate the design and theoretical account of a Low Voltage Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor (CMOS) Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) with an improved force consumption, Direct Current (DC) gain and bandwidth.Two techniques were introduced for linearization Pseudo derived function Pairs and Source degeneration under nano-scale technology.The nonlinearity, which is caused by the short length effect due to the small size of transistor can be surmountd using linearization techniques, Two techniques were introduced for linearization Pseudo Differential Pairs and Source degeneration, were both go under nano-scale CMOS technology.The proposed OTA requires a proper control system, where the common-mode control system has been designed for system stability .The results of this implementation atomic number 18 power consumption of (x), DC gain of (x) , a size of (x) , number of transistors (x) . All th e work was simulated using the Advances Design agreement ( ADS ) , under 130nm CMOS Technology.1.1 MotivationThe huge pace in technology and the growing demand of electronic devices makes the Integrated Circuit ( IC ) designers think twice close to low power and low voltage with the trade of the Threshold Voltage ( VT ) which doesnt scale down when compared to the power supply.Throughout the years, designing analog integrated circuits has been challenging, where the power supply is being reduced due to the demand of technology which requires to scale down the total power.The Operational Transconductance Amplier (OTA) is recognized to be one of the most(prenominal) important basic building blocks in analog ,mixed mode circuits, filters, including multipliers, voltage control oscillators, and Very Large Scale Integrations ( VLSI ) applications, where the VLSI technology is the process of creating ICs by corporate trust several transistors into a single chip. In such applications th e OTA is the key circuit to such design, OTA at the input of the block determines the efficiency of the overall system, hence improve the performance of the OTA block is critical for enhancing the overall module performance.Operational Transconductance Amplifier An OTA main purpose is to convert its input voltage to the desired siding current i.e. in other words an OTA is a voltage controlled current source, where Gm is the Transconductance with a unit (Ampere/Volt).In real life circuits, harmonics are introduced, and nonlinearity should be taken into comity which caused by the short channel effect of the transistors, the expression of the proceeds current with Taylor series expansion can be as follow where ai is hardened by the implementation of the circuit.In order to achieve a proper OTA with the specifications mentioned, linear transformation factor should be apply in the design to reduce harmonics, linearization methods have been developed through the years to solve the p roblem.1.2 ObjectivesThe main tendency is to design a low voltage Transconductance CMOS amplifier which converts its input voltage to the desired output current with high linearity, which can be achieved by linearization techniques, Pseudo Differential Pair and Source degeneration techniques.1.3 Realistic ConstraintsThe listed below are the main constraints that should be taken into consideration for the design 1.3.1. Economic ConstraintsThe student shall use the available simulation tools such as Advanced Design System for simulation design, and Synopsys for layout .As for the design, the main goal is to reduce harmonic distortion, achieve high linearity, and to be able to transform the input voltage to the required output current with minimum size. Since the size of the transistors determine the size of IC , and the size contributes in the comprise of the IC.The designed IC is being manufactured in fabrication laboratories. During the fabrication process, thousands of ICs are being etched onto a single blank wafer. After the testing process ,only percentages of the ICs are considered useable, and being distributed among electronic stores.1.3.2. Manufacturability and Sustainability ConstraintsThe designed circuit shall be worked crossways process and temperature corners for improved yield.1.3.3. Ethical and caoutchouc Constraints backup should not have more than 30% similarity on Turnitin.1.3.4. StandardizationAll technologies used in this project are 130 nm CMOS technology.1.4 Design RequirementsThe design shall meet the following requirementsThe design uses CMOS based technology.The total power consumption get out be less than 15mW.The supply voltage will be less than 1 volt.Bandwidth should be larger than 50MHzDC gain should be larger than 20dB1.5 Design AchievedThe goal of this project was achieved by designing a low voltage CMOS transconductance amplifier using linearization techniques with high linearity, low power consumption of (x), DC gain of (x) , a cost of (x).1.6 Task Distribution Work was done as a team but some work was distributed to ensure every member has their own task. This is shown in the table belowStageDetailsMarwaMarahRatebAllResearchReading papersSetting goalsDesign of Pseudo Differential PairDesign move onDesign of Source DegenerationDesignBuildDesign the Common ModeDesignBuildConnectingThe circuitry( suggested OTA )DesignBuildLayoutDesignBuildDocumentationCh.1Ch.2Ch.3Ch.4Ch.5Table 1.1 division of labor1.7 OrganizationThe rest of the documentation illustrates the design characteristics where it goes as followsSecond chapter discusses the background and literature review of different approaches related to the corresponding design. Third chapter discloses in detail the overall design, including the explanation of each linearization techniques, as well as justifying the region of each transistor. Forth chapter demonstrates the results of the design. To end with, chapter Five adjudicate the design, along wi th the future work which can be implemented to improve the design.2.1 Transconductance Amplifier TopologiesThis project aims to design an Amplifier which able to convert its input voltage to the desired output current, with Pseudo Differential Pair and Source Degeneration as linearization techniquesVaries architectures had been developed through the past years to build the basic OTA blockTable 2.1 affinity between three different papersDesignDesign RequirementsReferring to chapter 1, the design shall meet the following requirementsThe design uses CMOS based technology.The total power consumption will be less than 15mW.The supply voltage will be less than 1 volt.Bandwidth should be larger than 50MHzDC gain should be larger than 20dB abstract of Requirements and Constraints In order to attain the design specifications mentioned in section 3.1, the requirements and constraints are clarified belowAnalysis of Design RequirementsCMOS based technologyCMOS circuits components are beseemin g the most desired to be implemented in nowadays technology, due to its low power consumption. Furthermore, its high speed when compared to other used technology.Power inletSupply VoltageBandwidthDC gainAnalysis of Design ConstraintsEconomic ConstraintsManufacturability and Sustainability ConstraintsThe design should meet the proper operating temperature and environmental corners. The circuit topologies have been implemented using an advanced simulation that can foresee the behavior of the circuit under such circumstances.For instance, a high power circuitry will increase its temperature, therefore the degradation of the performance in time, but if the circuit surpass in supreme corner, it is expected to have a longer life time.Ethical and Safety ConstraintsDocumentation shouldnt exceed 30% similarity, citation should be considered along with stating proper referencingDesign ApproachesAccording to the cited papers in chapter 2 there are cardinal different architectures for the co nverter design. All of these architectures cant be used to achieve the requirements of this project. The developed design discussed in the next section has the opportunity to achieve the requirements